A Quantitative Analysis of the Economic Situation of Those Who Have Undergone Divorce

田中 重人 <http://www.sal.tohoku.ac.jp/~tsigeto/>
(東北大学大学院文学研究科)

• Presentation Style: Oral
• Session: 2011-09-12 (Monday) 16:00-18:10 "Session 2: Gender and Work"
• Host: International Sociological Association, Research Committee 06 (Committee on Family Research); Global COE Program, Kyoto University
• Title: CFR Kyoto Seminar 2011 "Reconstruction of Intimate and Public Spheres in a Global Perspective"
• Venue: Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

[Discussion on this paper]

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報告の要旨

(この抄録は、2011-02-10 にセミナー実行委員会に提出したものです)

This paper addresses how marriage and divorce create gender inequality. It focuses on the economic situation of men and women after divorce, which constitutes the main component of the gender gap in the standard of living in contemporary Japan. The data are drawn from the National Family Research of Japan (NFRJ) project, in which family sociologists have repeatedly conducted large-scale surveys with national representative samples in the fiscal years 1998 (NFRJ98), 2003 (NFRJ03), and 2008 (NFRJ08). The datasets include 473 (NFRJ98), 494 (NFRJ03), and 463 (NFRJ08) respondents who had undergone divorce. The number of cases is thus adequate to obtain statistically reliable estimates through multivariate analysis. The author conducted a series of regression analyses to determine the effect of gender on the equivalent household income (i.e., household income divided by the square root of the number of people in the household) for divorced men and women, controlling for variables such as age, education, household composition, marital status, and employment status. The results reveal the powerful and persistent effects of the gender differences in the probability of maintaining one's employment status as an ordinary regular employee and in the probability of co-residing with young children. These factors have perpetuated the disadvantageous post-divorce situation for women, while the situation of divorced men has been getting worse from 1998 through 2008. Another important factor is remarriage, from which men and women receive different economic outcomes. We will discuss the theoretical and political implications of the results, with a special attention to the recent family law debates over equity-oriented reforms in the system for financial provision on divorce.

Keywords

marital status, financial provision on divorce, discontinuous career, custody, remarriage

目次

1. Introduction
2. Literature on Post-Divorce Life and Gender Gap
   • 2.1. Quantitative approach to divorced people
   • 2.2. Research of single-motherhood and the hypothesis of marital-life results
   • 2.3. Recent progress
3. The Question to Be Answered
4. Data
5. Income and Gender Gap
   • 5.1. Equivalent household income
   • 5.2. Gender gap by marital history
6. Factors for the Gender Gap after Divorce
   • 6.1. Cases and variables
   • 6.2. Gender differences in post-divorce life
   • 6.3. Regression analysis
7. Discussion
   • 7.1. Summary of the findings
   • 7.2. Gender gap in pre-marriage investment, marital life, and post-divorce life
   • 7.3. Against gender gap as a result of marital life

表・図

Table 1: Trends in the composition of marital status in population of 25−69 years old, 1960−2005

Table 2: Synopsis of NFRJ surveys

Table 3: Gender and equivalent household income (geometric mean in 10,000 yen)

Table 4: Distribution of marital history

Table 5: Gender, marital history, and equivalent household income (geometric mean in 10,000 yen)

Table 6: Descriptive statistics for regression analysis (only those who underwent divorce)

Table 7: Regression analysis of equivalent household income (in 10,000 yen)

Table 8: Effects of gender, remarriage, and household composition

Figure 1: Paths toward the gender gap in post-divorce living standard

文献

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謝辞

二次分析に当たり、東京大学社会科学研究所附属社会調査・データアーカイブ研究センターSSJデータアーカイブから第1回全国家族調査 (NFRJ98) および第2回全国家族調査 (NFRJ03) (日本家族社会学会全国家族調査委員会) の個票データの提供を受けました。第3回全国家族調査 (NFRJ08) データの使用にあたっては、日本家族社会学会全国家族調査委員会の許可を得た。

The earlier versions of this paper were presented at the internal conferences of "NFRJ08研究会" [the joint-use project of the NFRJ08 data closed to the members of the Japan Society of Family Sociology] (in Tokyo, 2010.7.3, 2010.12.24, and 2011.7.24) and are to be compiled by September 2011 as a chapter of the report of the project. Presentations were also made at the 20th annual meeting of the Japan Society of Family Sociology (in Tokyo, 2010.9.3) and at the 23rd monthly seminar of the Global COE Program of Tohoku University (in Sendai, 2011.2.16). The author gratefully thanks the comments from the audiences and the financial support from the Global COE Program of Tohoku University.

関連する業績

• Against intra-household exploitation (東アジア社会政策研究ネットワーク (EASP) 第4回大会報告2007-10-20).
• GCOE 国際セミナー報告「Family Creating Inequality」(NFRJ03 による) (2009-08-04 Sendai)
• GCOE 11回月例研究会報告「分配的正義におけるマクロとミクロ」(NFRJ03 による) (2009-09-09 Sendai)
• GCOE 23回月例研究会報告 (Earlier version of this paper) (2011-02-16 Sendai)
• 「女性の経済的不利益と家族」(NFRJ03 による) (編＝辻村みよ子＋大沢真理『ジェンダー平等と多文化共生』東北大学出版会, 2010)
• 「The Family and Women's Economic Disadvantage」(NFRJ03 による) (編＝Tsujimura M. + Osawa M.『Gender equality in multicultural societies』東北大学出版会, 2010)
• 離婚経験者にみる等価世帯所得の男女格差とその要因 (NFRJ98, NFRJ03, NFRJ08 による) (第20回 日本家族社会学会大会 報告 2010-09-12)
• 2005年SSM日本調査による同様の分析 (『2005年SSM調査シリーズ』9巻所収, 2008年)

関連するサイトとページ

• 田中の個人ブログの記事 (質問／議論はこちらへ)
• CFR (ISA/RC06) Official Site
• Call for papers
• 京都大学グローバルCOEプログラム
• SSJ Data Archive (東京大学) / NFRJ98 | NFRJ03
• 日本家族社会学会 / 全国家族調査
• 東北大学法学研究科 グローバルCOEプログラム
• 少子高齢化社会の家族変動: ミクロデータ分析によるアプローチ (GCOE プロジェクト)

東北大学 / 文学部 / 日本語教育学 / 田中重人

Copyright (c) 2011 TANAKA Sigeto

History of this page:

• 2011-07-31:Created
• 2011-08-01:Minor corrections
• 2011-09-19:Slides PDF

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